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1. What is Surface Tension? Answer: Surface tension is the property of a liquid where its surface acts like a stretched elastic sheet. It is caused by cohesive forces between liquid molecules. Derivation for Surface Tension Formula: T = F L T = \frac{F}{L} Where: T T : Surface tension F F : Force L L : Length over which force acts 2. Derive Bernoulli’s Theorem Answer: Bernoulli's theorem states that for a fluid in steady flow, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy per unit volume is constant. Derivation: P ρ + v 2 2 + g h = constant \frac{P}{\rho} + \frac{v^2}{2} + gh = \text{constant} Where: P P : Pressure ρ \rho : Density v v : Velocity g g : Gravitational acceleration h h : Height This equation combines energy conservation principles. 3. What is Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)? Answer: SHM is a type of oscillatory motion where an object moves back and forth about an equilibrium position, and its restoring force is proportional...

(1) a) What do you mean by frequency response circuit? Why is frequency response so important for telecommunication engineering? Answer: Frequency Response Circuit: A frequency response circuit is a system that shows how the output of a circuit changes with different input frequencies. It helps to understand how well the circuit can handle various frequencies. Importance in Telecommunication Engineering: It helps in designing circuits that can efficiently transmit signals over different frequencies. Ensures that the circuit can filter unwanted noise and maintain signal quality. Crucial for designing systems like radio, TV, and mobile communication to ensure clear and reliable communication. c) What is a transfer function and how many types of transfer functions are there? Answer: Transfer Function: A transfer function is a mathematical expression that relates the output of a system to its input, showing how the system behaves for different frequencies. Types of Tr...

(1) a) Explain the frequency response of a circuit. Explain and classify the transfer function. (a) Frequency Response and Transfer Function Question: Explain the frequency response of a circuit and classify the transfer function. Answer: The frequency response of a circuit shows how the circuit behaves (amplifies, attenuates, or filters signals) at different frequencies. It is usually represented as a graph of gain or phase against frequency. A transfer function is a mathematical expression that describes the relationship between the input and output of a circuit in terms of frequency. Types of Transfer Functions: Low-pass filter: Allows low frequencies, blocks high frequencies. High-pass filter: Allows high frequencies, blocks low frequencies. Band-pass filter: Allows a specific range of frequencies. Band-stop filter: Blocks a specific range of frequencies. b) As L. is varied to produce resonance in a series circuit containing R = 100Omega x = 200Omega and f = 60Hz ...

(1) Question: a) Explain the frequency response of a circuit. Explain and classify the transfer function. Answer: The frequency response of a circuit shows how the output signal changes with different input frequencies. It helps to understand how the circuit behaves at low, high, or mid frequencies. The transfer function is a mathematical formula that relates the output of a circuit to its input. It is usually written as a ratio of output to input in terms of frequency. Types of Transfer Functions: Low-pass filter : Allows low frequencies and blocks high frequencies. High-pass filter : Allows high frequencies and blocks low frequencies. Band-pass filter : Allows a range of frequencies (band) and blocks others. Band-stop filter : Blocks a range of frequencies and allows others. (2) Question: a) A positive-sequence, balanced Δ-connected source supplies a balanced Δ-connected load. The impedance per phase of the load is Z = 18 + j 12   Ω Z = 18 + j12 \, \Omega and I s = 22.5...

(1) (a) Write the condition for resonance for both series and parallel RLC circuits. Prove that for resonance frequency f a = 1 2pi sqrt 1.C f c both series and parallel RLC circuits. (a) Condition for Resonance: Series RLC Circuit: Resonance occurs when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance: X L = X C or ω L = 1 ω C . X_L = X_C \quad \text{or} \quad \omega L = \frac{1}{\omega C}. Parallel RLC Circuit: Resonance occurs when the total impedance is purely resistive, and the admittance of inductance and capacitance cancel each other: 1 X L = 1 X C or ω L = 1 ω C . \frac{1}{X_L} = \frac{1}{X_C} \quad \text{or} \quad \omega L = \frac{1}{\omega C}. Resonance Frequency Proof: At resonance, for both series and parallel RLC circuits: ω = 1 L C . \omega = \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}}. Convert angular frequency ( ω \omega ) to regular frequency ( f f ): f = ω 2 π = 1 2 π L C . f = \frac{\omega}{2\pi} = \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{LC}}. Thus, the resonance frequency for both circuits ...

(1) (b) Transistor as an Amplifier (3 Marks): A transistor can be used as an amplifier by utilizing its ability to control a larger current with a smaller input current. In an amplifier circuit, the transistor is typically connected in a common-emitter configuration. When a small AC signal (input) is applied to the base, it modulates the current flowing from the collector to the emitter. The amplified version of the input signal appears at the output, which is taken across the collector resistor. Basic Circuit: The input signal is connected to the base through a coupling capacitor. A biasing circuit is used to set the transistor in the active region (where it can amplify). The output is taken across the collector resistor. This amplification occurs because a small change in base current causes a large change in collector current, which is then reflected as a large voltage change across the load resistor. (c) Differences among Common Base, Emitter, and Collector Configurations (4 Ma...