Q1. a) Short Notes & Parity Check Reflective Code (Gray Code): Gray Code changes only one bit at a time when counting. Example: 000 → 001 → 011 → 010 → 110 → 111 → 101 → 100 Even Parity Check: Total number of 1’s must be even. (a) 10101010 → 4 ones (Even) ✅ (b) 1110110 → 5 ones (Error) ❌ (c) 10111001 → 5 ones (Error) ❌ Odd Parity Check: Total number of 1’s must be odd. (d) 10101111 → 6 ones (Error) ❌ (e) 10011010 → 4 ones (Error) ❌ (f) 11101010 → 5 ones (Correct) ✅ Q1. b) Advantages & Disadvantages of Digital Systems Advantages: More accurate, less noise. Easy to store and process data. Can be encrypted for security. Disadvantages: Needs more power than analog. Complex design. Can lose data if error occurs. OR Q1. a) Universal Gate (NAND) & XOR/XNOR Gates NAND is Universal: It can make NOT, AND, OR gates. NOT: NAND with same input (A NAND A = NOT A). AND: NAND + NOT. OR: NAND with inverted inputs. ...
